An orissan temple deul usually consists of a sanctum, one or several front porches jagamohana usually with pyramidal roofs, a dancing hall nata mandir and a hall of offerings bhog mandir. All about the mukteshwar temple gem of odisha architecture. Varahi temple of chaurasi in puri district and gouri temple of bhubaneswar are two clear examples of khakhara temple. The chitrakarini temple of bhubaneswar odisha, india. Temple architecture and sculpture hindu, buddhist and.
However, the tower was destroyed in an attack in 1568. Evolution of temple architecture in orissa dibishada brajasundar garnayak. Measures and proportions the structural harmony, the rhythm and a fine sense of proportion is the hall mark of indian temple architecture. The deity of lord dwarkadhish made of black stone is 2. Laxmikanta mishra early medieval indian history spanning between eighth to thirteenth century a.
The most important factors for the declines of temple building activities are a lack of royal patronage and decline of hindu power. The brahmeswar temple 11th century characteristic continuation of the drissan style. A sample size of 12 temples from the different locations of orissa was selected. A tour of the various temples of the state enables one to explore many interesting aspects of the hindu religion. Odisha, also known as orissa, is one indian state with a large number of ancient temples. These temples are remarkable for their plan and elevation. Many places of odisha, such as puri and bhubaneswar, have hundreds of temples. One of the main attractions of this temple is the 24 wheels which are carved around the base of the temple. The jagannath temple is the largest temple of orissa and possesses a dozens of structures in its complex. The rajarani temple is estimated to be one of the most expensively built temples in the state of orissa. The construction of this temple is a masterpiece of orissas medieval architecture. Orissa is one of the most visited states of india, which is known, mainly, for its splendid temples. Pdf this paper focuses on the study of the orissan hindu temple in a different way.
A hindu temple is a symbolic house, seat and body of god. Other noteworthy monuments include the temple chariot of the sun god at konark, stupas of ratnagiri and udaygiri. Iconography of the buddhist sculpture of orissa part 1. Whatever it may be, till recently orissa has possessed a rich temple heritage which is the imprints of our ancestor, still existing with the ravage of time. In the formative period of orissan temple architecture there were only two structures of. The architecture of the temple is beautiful with strong chalukyan influences. A low enclosure wall embellished with sculptured niches surrounds it. The temple is one of the char dhams in india and the 108 th divya desam of lord vishnu. For centuries now, the orissan golden triangle of bhubaneswarpurikonark has retained a vintage point on indias pilgrimage circuit for their devotional as well as architectural background. The role of five elements of nature in temple architecture. Ananta basudeva ad 1200, bhubaneswar, orissa the antiquity of orissa is endorsed by her temple architecture, which is as sublime as it is aesthetically innervating.
It is common here to build an entire temple on a stone platform with steps leading up to it. This temple is again a signature piece of architecture by the rulers of kalinga who had flamboyant taste. Sun temple introduction konark sun temple is build in thcentury ce at konark in odisha, india. All the four components are arranged in one axial alignment and often the. The temple complexes at tigawa in modern madhya pradesh, nachna in rajasthan and deogarh in uttar pradesh are examples of this. Established in the century, jagannath temple is dedicated to. These wheels are located in both north and south sides of the. In ancient indian texts, a temple is a place for tirtha pilgrimage. Each wheel is of about 10 feet in diameter with a set of spokes and elaborate carvings.
An example of the nagara architecture is found in the famous indian temple kandariya mahadev at khajuraho. Kichakeswari temple image source the small town of khiching is in a desolate spot in the northern climes of orissa. Pdf the chitrakarini temple of bhubaneswar odisha, india. The mukteswara temple belonging to the 19th century ad. Pdf orissan temple assessment through geometry researchgate. It not merely resolves the contradictions but also expresses harmony by encompassing all contradictions, transforming into pure and uncompromised details of structure. The south orissa remained under the muslim control until 1753 a. Orissan temple architecture and vastu purusha mandala for evolution process. The lingaraja temple, a revered pilgrimage center and the culminating result of the architectural tradition at bhubaneswar, sixth century ad.
Hindu temple architecture, apart from being a place of worship, are also the cradle of knowledge, art and culture. The major developments in temple architecture were during the following periods. At 200 meters, the sun temple was the highest than any temple in india. Only a portion of the sun temple at konark, the largest of the temples of the golden triangle exists today, and it is still staggering in size. Pdf heritage architectural and sculptural expressions are selfexplanatory documents, which carries its legacy along with the wheel of time. These wheels are located in both north and south sides of the temple. Lord lingaraj at bhubaneswar, temple of lord jagannath and a traditional tribal culture in case of interpreting the konark sun temples architecture orissa, india, there are two divergent as well as antithetical views. References eedit eedit soorce cities having population 1 lakh and above, census 2011 pdf. The jain and buddhist shrines give a clear picture about the settlements around bhubaneswar in the first two centuries b. Jagannath temple puri is one of the most renowned as well as the biggest temples of orissa. Dravidian architecture features the square sanctum sanctorum with a multistoried vimanam. The aim of a proportional system, meaning not merely symmetry. This style of architecture is commonly found in temples in south india especially in tamilnadu.
The temples of khajuraho are famous for their conical tower made. Orissas history dates back to the days of the mahabharata. The main temple structure is of 65m in altitude and is built on an elevated ground. C, and one of the most complete edicts of the mauryan emperor, ashoka, dating between 272236 b.
Jagannath temple, puri wikimedia the architecture of the jagannath temple follows the pattern of many orissan temples of the ancient period. These temples have been mostly built in indo aryan nagara style. Temples of orissa the comprehensive indian temple website. Improvement and conservation of culturalarchaeological assets. Binumol tom professor, department of architecture, college of engineering, trivandrum 2. History of evolution of temple architecture in odisha 2. The sun temple belongs to the kalinga school of indian temple architecture. In bhubaneswar, several sanctuaries were erected so that taken together they form a city of temples.
The temples of odisha, dating from the 8th to about midth century, provide a study in one of the earliest movements in the indoaryan style of architecture. Simplified schema of a kalinga architecture temple. The great temple of lingaraja 11th century at bhubaneswar is the quintessence of odisha architecture with all the features of temple architecture fully developed and perfectly executed, it is undoubted one of the most finished temples in india. Temple architecture and sculpture 6 today when we say temple in english we generally mean a devalaya, devkula mandir, kovil, deol, devasthanam or prasada depending on which part of india we are in. The architects perceived the temple in the form of a human male figure or purusha. From the source, pen and ink drawing of a sculpture that is part of the processional chariot pulled by horses from the surya temple at konarak in orissa, from an album of 37 drawings 43 folios of sculpture at jajpur, puri, bezwada and sitanagar made during a journey from bengal through orissa to the coromandel coast, dated 1815. Find all the essential information about temples in odisha right here at ixigo. The antiquity of orissa is endorsed by her temple architecture which is as sublim as it is aesthetically innervating. The magnificent ruins on the sandy seashore at konark, at a distance of about twenty miles from puri, represent the celebrated konark temple or black pagoda of orissa, which used to receive the first rays of the sun, rising over the boundless expanse of the bay of bengal, to warn the mariners of the danger which the surf still offers to navigation along the coast. Other saivite and vaisnavite temples in orissa represent both rekha and pidha types.
Unlike in south india, it doesnt usually have elaborate boundary walls or gateways. Improvement and conservation of culturalarchaeological. Temples like mukteswar temple, rajarani temple, sun temple konark, puri jagannath temple and many more sing the saga of this self. As the orissan hindu temple architecture has been classified into four major phases, the formative. Under integrated coastal zone management project iczmp orissa state archaeology, department of culture, government of orissa october 2009. On the top of the temple there is a wheel which is made of an alloy of eight metals. C, remains carved in rock just 5 miles to the southwest of the modern city. Influence of vernacular architecture in evolution of temple forms of odisha most of the indian religious philosophies and rituals believe in idol worshiping and from the ancient time, temple has. It consists primarily of temples with pyramid shaped towers and are constructed of sandstone, soapstone or granite. Temple architecture south india pdf download culture notes dravidian architecture was an architectural idiom that emerged in the southern part of the indian subcontinent or south india.
After the th century there was a perceptible decline in the artistic merit of the decorative programmes of orissan temple architecture. Outstanding is the great lingaraja temple dedicated to shiva as the lord of the lingam. It stands out as a masterpiece in orissan architecture. By the middle of the th century the odishan temple architecture attained its climax.
It is a structure designed to bring human beings and gods together, using symbolism to express the ideas and beliefs of hinduism. The silpa text of odisha mentions three types of temples, rekhadeul, pidhadeul and khakaradeul. The muktesvara temple the muktesvara temple is regarded as a gem of orissan architecture. The construction of this temple is a masterpiece of orissa s medieval architecture. Like human physical divisions of leg, thigh, waist, chest, neck and head the temple had similar shapes and structures. Plan of sun temple of konark, orissa, india hu version. Orissa temples temples in orissa, temples of orissa india. The hindu temple temple architecture of architecture developed over two thousand india years. Temple architecture south india pdf download culture notes. These documents could be considered as few available authentic or officially published. Influence of vernacular architecture in evolution of. The jagannath temple, one of the four holiest places dhamas of hinduism, in. This temples architectural structure belongs to the kalinga school of architecture1.
Orissa lingaraj temple at bhubaneswar history the templefamous majestic temple of the sun god, konark temple, konark. The south indian hindu temple building design system on the architecture of the silpa sastra and the dravida style k. Stipulated architectural principles with ample provision for artistic improvisation enabled the progressive generations to excel in splendour and created masterpieces in stone called the temple of orissa. The symbolism and structure of a hindu temple are rooted in vedic traditions, deploying circles and squares. Temple architecture devalaya vastu part five 5 of 9. The orissa temples have their own distinct style which gradually evolved into a more elaborate plan, highly decorative plastic figures and taller sikharas. The style consists of three distinct types of temples. The architecture of orissa is mainly noted in its temple architecture. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. The vimana or the main temple of orissa is always of rekha designs with the following special features such as.
The westfacing structure of this temple reflects a change in the initial and later phase of kalinga style of architecture, which was the main style used in many temples built in odisha during the time. Pdf there are so many studies and analysis has done on orissan temple architecture but still some parts. It is speculated that the temple was built by yayati i, the king of somavamshi dynasty. The temple forms the focal point for all aspects of life in the hindu community religious, cultural, educational and social batchelor, 1997. A parallel development to the orissa temple, took place in the central india during the 9th to 11th century. Kalinga style of architecture temples of orissa architecture. Temple architecture in orissa, evolved over a long period of time. This is how temple architecture in odisha flourished to its mature phase with evolutions of its plan, evolution of its elements and evolution of its built form and shape. The huge repertoire of stone carving is best revealed in the architecture and rock cut sculptures of lingraja, jagannath, mukteshwara and other temples of orissa. The temple was ornately decorated often even to the dark shrine rooms lighted only by flickering oil lamps. What links here related changes upload file special pages permanent. Ideavy cornices, strong pillars wide in proportion to their height and the broad base of the sikhar or tower give to indian temple architecture a feeling of strength and solidity. It has 24 large wheels, 12 on each side, representing 12 months of a year.
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